Meta-analysis of factors affecting prevalence estimates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in sub-Saharan Africa

Martins C. Nweke; Adaora J. Okemuo; Ekezie M. Uduonu; Princewill I.  Ugwu; Chioma Nwachukwu; Nombeko Mshunqane

doi:10.17159/sajs.2021/8575

Authors

Martins C. Nweke Department of Physiotherapy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9493-9443
Adaora J. Okemuo Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Ekezie M. Uduonu Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Princewill I. Ugwu Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-4477
Chioma Nwachukwu Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-4477
Nombeko Mshunqane Department of Physiotherapy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8575

Keywords:

HIV infection, neurocognitive disorder, prevalence, sub-Saharan Africa, study characteristics

Abstract

Successful treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is resulting in more people living with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In sub-Saharan Africa, this calls for strategic planning and judicious allocation of scarce resources, which requires an accurate estimate of the prevalence of HAND. Estimates of the prevalence of HAND in sub-Saharan Africa vary greatly, between 18.8% and 88.3%. This variability may be explained by factors such as different diagnostic approach, neuromedical examination, ART status, sampling method, substance abuse, assessors’ qualification, depression and outcome measure. Different methods of diagnosing HAND, different outcome measures and non-random sampling techniques make it almost impossible to accurately estimate the prevalence of HAND in sub- Saharan Africa, often resulting in overestimation of the burden of disease. Consumers of health research should consider certain study characteristics and exercise appropriate caution when interpreting burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa, especially when pursuing policy shift. Underestimating the prevalence of HAND will certainly affect the capacity and speed of containment, while overestimating will draw unnecessary attention and result in the misallocation of scarce resources.

Significance:

The high prevalence of HAND in sub-Saharan Africa as estimated in this review calls for further research on the impact of HAND on activities of daily living and putative therapeutic modalities.
We highlight which study characteristics should be critically checked when using prevalence estimates for the purpose of health policy and distribution of scarce resources in sub-Saharan Africa.
By favouring certain factors, this review will guide HIV health researchers in which techniques should be used to estimate the burden of HAND. These factors may also apply to estimating the burden of other diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.