Towards medicinal tea from untapped Namibian Ganoderma: Phenolics and in vitro antioxidant activity of wild and cultivated mushrooms

Karlin K.N. Hamwenye; Isabella S.E. Ueitele; Nailoke P. Kadhila; Werner Embashu; Komeine K.M. Nantanga

doi:10.17159/sajs.2022/9357

Authors

Karlin K.N. Hamwenye Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
Isabella S.E. Ueitele Zero Emission Research Initiative, Multidisciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-1816
Nailoke P. Kadhila Zero Emission Research Initiative, Multidisciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9302-9835
Werner Embashu Science and Technology Division, Multidisciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-162X
Komeine K.M. Nantanga Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-3595

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/9357

Keywords:

lingzhi, medicinal tea, Ganoderma enigmaticum, G. wiireonse, G. lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma is a genus of mushrooms that is prized in developed nations, especially those in Asia, due to its health-promoting properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as phenolics. However, in developing countries, particularly in Africa, Ganoderma mushrooms are untapped and are barely identified. In this study, we identified Ganoderma species collected from different host trees in the wild in Namibia, cultivated them on one substrate and determined their water absorption and solubility indices. Total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), condensed tannins (CT) and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) were determined in hot water infusions made from wild and cultivated Ganoderma mushrooms. Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, and DPPH assay methods were used to determine TP, TF, CT and AA, respectively. Wild species had 6.12–11.70% moisture, 1.91–5.32% ash, 11.55–24.40 (g of absorbed water/g of dry sample) water absorption index, 3.60–24.10% water solubility index, 18.37–44.78 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.09–1.67 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 2.97–6.37 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 40.8–49.3% AA. Cultivated species had 9.64 13.45% moisture, 2.34–6.20% ash, 13.55–28.30 water absorption index, 6.40–25.35% water solubility index, 36.70–52.73 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.41–0.86 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 11.38–15.29 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 53.6–63.7% AA. Infusions prepared from cultivated Ganoderma species had higher levels of TP, CT and AA, but lower levels of TF than those prepared from wild Ganoderma species, suggesting that they have potential as nutraceuticals.

Significance:

The identification and confirmation of highly prized Lingzhi ‘mushrooms of immortality’ in Namibia highlights the presence of this untapped resource in Africa that is potentially worth billions of dollars.
The cultivation and phenolic content of this high-value medicinal mushroom have been demonstrated.
Cultivation could lead to sustainable utilisation and employment creation in developing countries which suffer from unemployment rates of at least 30%.