Implications of summer breeding frogs from Langebaanweg, South Africa: Regional climate evolution at 5.1 mya

Thalassa Matthews; G. John Measey; †David L. Roberts

doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20160070

Authors

Thalassa Matthews DST–NRF Centre of Excellence for Palaeontology, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-5596
G. John Measey Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-7615
†David L. Roberts Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa † Deceased

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20160070

Keywords:

palaeoclimate, Ptychadena, Summer Rainfall Zone, Early Pliocene, fossil frogs

Abstract

No direct palaeoclimatic proxies have been available to indicate the seasonality or amount of rainfall on the west coast of southern Africa during the Early Pliocene. The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) is today one of the factors responsible for the present-day aridity on the west coast of southern Africa. The initiation of the BUS is frequently linked to the entrenchment of aridity and the establishment of the current winter rainfall pattern on the west coast; however, marine proxies are inconclusive regarding the effects of past fluctuations in the BUS and sea surface temperatures on the rainfall regime. Neither the fossil evidence nor the fact that plants using the C₃photosynthetic pathway predominate at this time, provide direct evidence of winter rainfall at Langebaanweg. We challenge certain assumptions which are commonly made in the literature regarding the timing of inception of a winter rainfall regime on the west coast and the onset of aridity in the Langebaan region, and provide new evidence as to seasonality of rainfall at Langebaanweg in the Early Pliocene. Herein, the identification of frog species from the genus Ptychadena from Langebaanweg provides new and compelling evidence for a summer rainfall regime, or of at least significant summer rainfall, at 5.1 mya in the southwestern Cape of South Africa.

Significance:

Advances understanding of the evolution of the winter rainfall zone on the west coast of South Africa
Assesses evidence for the inception of aridity and a winter rainfall regime on the west coast of South Africa
Fossil Ptychadenidae from the Early Pliocene site of Langebaanweg provide evidence for a summer rainfall regime at 5.1 mya on the west coast of the southwestern Cape.