The end of the beginning: Establishing isiZulu names for all bird species recorded in South Africa

Eckhart Buchmann; Junior Gabela; Adrian Koopman; Sakhamuzi Mhlongo; Themba Mthembu; Roger Porter; Nandi Thobela; Noleen S. Turner

doi:10.17159/sajs.2024/16184

Authors

Eckhart Buchmann School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-2469
Junior Gabela School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Adrian Koopman School of Arts, College of Humanities, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Sakhamuzi Mhlongo Self-employed community bird guide, Eshowe, South Africa
Themba Mthembu Self-employed community bird guide, St Lucia, South Africa
Roger Porter Retired from Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Nandi Thobela BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
Noleen S. Turner School of Arts, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/16184

Keywords:

bird names, indigenous African languages, South African birds, terminology development, isiZulu nomenclature

Abstract

Terminology development is needed for effective science communication, planning, teaching, and learning in indigenous African languages. This need includes species-specific names in indigenous languages for wild birds, which are key indicators of biodiversity and the state of the environment. We report here the successful allocation of isiZulu names to all South African bird species, focusing on the final phase of naming species that are unknown or rare in KwaZulu-Natal Province (traditional home of the Zulu people) and thus have no indigenous naming history. We applied principles and procedures used previously for naming species known in KwaZulu-Natal: (1) reference to early bird books, dictionaries and other literature; (2) in-person workshops that included isiZulu language academics, professional Zulu bird guides, and birders; and (3) linguistic strategies to apply Zulu folk taxonomy to scientific ordering of species. At a three-day in-person workshop, we named 327 species unknown or vagrant in KwaZulu-Natal. Much time was spent on allocating cluster names to locally unfamiliar bird groupings such as tropicbirds, gadfly petrels, sandgrouse, and wheatears. The most frequent linguistic strategy was coinage by extension, where previously established isiZulu cluster names, for example ujolwane for ‘sparrow’, were extended by species qualifiers, as in ujolwanomkhulu (sparrow that is great) for Great Sparrow (Passer motitensis). True coinage was also used, as in unothingo (‘rainbow’) for African Pitta (Pitta angolensis). The resulting catalogue of isiZulu names for all 876 South African species completes the terminology development phase to facilitate engagement of isiZulu in science and conservation involving birds.

Significance:

In an inclusive, stepwise and evaluative process, isiZulu names have been allocated to all wild bird species occurring in South Africa.
A template is provided for naming bird species in southern African indigenous languages, using established indigenous names and coined names.
Matters of biodiversity conservation involving birds can now be better communicated in isiZulu, with benefit to the environment and human communities.